Inclusion, the philosophy and practice of educating students with disabilities in general education settings, is one concept that has gained great popularity in today’s world of special needs education. Although generating significant attention world wide as a new way of educating the special-needs population, the readiness of countries to adopt this concept varies significantly. Zigler in Chapter 11 gives a good description of the advances made so far in the U.S. in adopting the inclusive approach. A transition from no to myriad services, as provided for by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), guarantees free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment to all children with disabilities. Parents are also “given the rights to be involved in their child’s education to a degree envied by parents of children without disabilities” (p.266).Indeed the U.S. has clearly made great strides in adopting the inclusive approach.
In Nigeria, though as in many countries in Africa where the issue of providing for children with special needs still poses significant challenges, the story of inclusion differs. The wide attention given to the education of people with special needs at the policy level over the years had not adequately been reflected at the level of implementation. Some pertinent problems with special education include a lack of adequate plans for the identification of disabled children; The persistent involvement in begging by many of these children, which some perceive as an occupation for persons with disabilities, further aggravated by a poor awareness that children with disabilities can still acquire an education ;The local culture, which is also a significant determinant of the perception of disability and the subsequent attitude towards disabled persons. For instance parents may strive to hide disabled child(ren), for fear that such children may ‘tarnish the family’s image’. This is quite common in African societies where the explanation of occurrences can often be superstitious.
Beyond these, over the years government and non-governmental efforts have been more preoccupied with tackling the problem of illiteracy in the general population, which more often than not takes priority over special needs education. At those times when attention is given to special needs education, it has more often been directed towards basic education for the girl child and/or nomadic groups. Not very much consideration had been given to children with disabilities. Nontheless with the climaxing international appraisal of the inclusive schooling system, particularly by UNESCO and the Salamanca declaration of 1994, which provided the needed international and theoretical frames for inclusive education, the Nigerian education system is currently undergoing a major reform with the aim of including students with special needs in regular classrooms. This is reflected in the newly revised National Policy on Education which places emphasis on inclusive education (2008), hopefully this will have better luck at significantly impacting the movement towards inclusion in the near future.
Friday, March 27, 2009
Friday, March 20, 2009
The loss of innocence
"You refuse to do it, but in the end you have to accept reality. You can run away, but where do you run to? You want to talk, but who do you talk to? You are totally confused."
-This was the plight of a young Nigerian girl who had been trafficked to Italy. When she realized that she had been lied to and that she would have to sell sex instead of working in a restaurant, as she had been promised, she cried non-stop for 5 days.
But Nigeria is not the only country perpetrating human trafficking, nor is it the only nation suffering from its effects. Child trafficking affects children throughout the world, in both industrialized and developing countries. Estimated figures of the number of people trafficked around the world every year are placed at one to two million people —mostly women and children.
Trafficked children are subjected to prostitution, organs/body part removals, forced into marriage or illegally adopted; they provide cheap or unpaid labor, work as house servants or beggars, are recruited into armed groups, and are used for sports. These involvements, exposes them to violence, sexual abuse and HIV infection, and violates their rights to be protected, grow up in a family environment and have access to education.This is the plight of millions of children worldwide who have become silent victims in international populations, forming the very heart of an international crime for which no reliable statistics are available to determine how big the problem really is.
In a flashback of the readings on the “Social Service Systems”, Zigler defines child abuse and neglect “as any action or lack of action, resulting in imminent risk or serious harm, death, serious physical or emotional harm , sexual abuse or exploitation …of a child…” The readings go on to discuss issues of physical, sexual and emotional abuse of children, most of which are relatively familiar to us. However no mention was made of child trafficking –a subject matter which as recently as fifteen years ago was relatively nonexistent in academic study; but is becoming increasingly relevant for students who will become lawyers, doctors, legislators and policy makers.
Trafficking of children is one of the gravest violations of human rights in the world today. Children and their families are lured by the empty promises of the trafficking networks, through false promises of a better life, an escape route from poverty; and every year, hundreds of thousands of children are smuggled across borders and sold as mere commodities.
Some grim facts:
-UNICEF estimates that 1,000 to 1,500 Guatemalan babies and children are trafficked each year for adoption by couples in North America and Europe.
-Girls as young as 13 (mainly from Asia and Eastern Europe) are trafficked as “mail-order brides.” In most cases these girls are powerless and isolated and at great risk of violence.
-Large numbers of children are being trafficked in West and Central Africa, mainly for domestic work but also for sexual exploitation and to work in shops or on farms. Nearly 90 per cent of these trafficked domestic workers are girls. Some children are sent as far away as the Middle East and Europe
The role of organized crime in human trafficking must really never be underestimated, as it is a highly lucrative business, with illicit profits annually estimated at US$32 billion (ILO Global Report for 2005). It is considered to offer the third largest source of income to organized crime, after small arms (weapons) and drug smuggling which are the two most lucrative forms of organized crime internationally.
In the U.S. Contrary to common assumptions, of the lack of the prevalence of child trafficking, cases have been reported in all 50 states and Washington D.C. , as well as in some U.S. territories. Victims include, U.S. citizens and foreign nationals. Children are trafficked to the United States for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation; and an unknown number of U.S. citizens and legal residents are trafficked within the country primarily for sexual servitude and, to a lesser extent, forced labor.
Click on the links and watch the two brief videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxZtWYb4IEs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1G74vh-Dbw&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fgvnet%2Ecom%2Fhumantrafficking%2Findex%2Ehtml&feature=player_embedded
So as unimaginable as it seems, slavery and bondage still persist in the 21st century. With the millions of children involved , trafficking in persons is clearly one of the greatest human rights challenges of our time-[The U.S Department trafficking in persons report, June 2003]
-This was the plight of a young Nigerian girl who had been trafficked to Italy. When she realized that she had been lied to and that she would have to sell sex instead of working in a restaurant, as she had been promised, she cried non-stop for 5 days.
But Nigeria is not the only country perpetrating human trafficking, nor is it the only nation suffering from its effects. Child trafficking affects children throughout the world, in both industrialized and developing countries. Estimated figures of the number of people trafficked around the world every year are placed at one to two million people —mostly women and children.
Trafficked children are subjected to prostitution, organs/body part removals, forced into marriage or illegally adopted; they provide cheap or unpaid labor, work as house servants or beggars, are recruited into armed groups, and are used for sports. These involvements, exposes them to violence, sexual abuse and HIV infection, and violates their rights to be protected, grow up in a family environment and have access to education.This is the plight of millions of children worldwide who have become silent victims in international populations, forming the very heart of an international crime for which no reliable statistics are available to determine how big the problem really is.
In a flashback of the readings on the “Social Service Systems”, Zigler defines child abuse and neglect “as any action or lack of action, resulting in imminent risk or serious harm, death, serious physical or emotional harm , sexual abuse or exploitation …of a child…” The readings go on to discuss issues of physical, sexual and emotional abuse of children, most of which are relatively familiar to us. However no mention was made of child trafficking –a subject matter which as recently as fifteen years ago was relatively nonexistent in academic study; but is becoming increasingly relevant for students who will become lawyers, doctors, legislators and policy makers.
Trafficking of children is one of the gravest violations of human rights in the world today. Children and their families are lured by the empty promises of the trafficking networks, through false promises of a better life, an escape route from poverty; and every year, hundreds of thousands of children are smuggled across borders and sold as mere commodities.
Some grim facts:
-UNICEF estimates that 1,000 to 1,500 Guatemalan babies and children are trafficked each year for adoption by couples in North America and Europe.
-Girls as young as 13 (mainly from Asia and Eastern Europe) are trafficked as “mail-order brides.” In most cases these girls are powerless and isolated and at great risk of violence.
-Large numbers of children are being trafficked in West and Central Africa, mainly for domestic work but also for sexual exploitation and to work in shops or on farms. Nearly 90 per cent of these trafficked domestic workers are girls. Some children are sent as far away as the Middle East and Europe
The role of organized crime in human trafficking must really never be underestimated, as it is a highly lucrative business, with illicit profits annually estimated at US$32 billion (ILO Global Report for 2005). It is considered to offer the third largest source of income to organized crime, after small arms (weapons) and drug smuggling which are the two most lucrative forms of organized crime internationally.
In the U.S. Contrary to common assumptions, of the lack of the prevalence of child trafficking, cases have been reported in all 50 states and Washington D.C. , as well as in some U.S. territories. Victims include, U.S. citizens and foreign nationals. Children are trafficked to the United States for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation; and an unknown number of U.S. citizens and legal residents are trafficked within the country primarily for sexual servitude and, to a lesser extent, forced labor.
Click on the links and watch the two brief videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxZtWYb4IEs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1G74vh-Dbw&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fgvnet%2Ecom%2Fhumantrafficking%2Findex%2Ehtml&feature=player_embedded
So as unimaginable as it seems, slavery and bondage still persist in the 21st century. With the millions of children involved , trafficking in persons is clearly one of the greatest human rights challenges of our time-[The U.S Department trafficking in persons report, June 2003]
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
...and a 3rd power house.
The readings for this week really challenges anyone who even as much as glances at them. It was really inspirational to realize the many fronts on which we can make a difference, not to mention a reminder of the definition of the word profession (a calling, work that has meaning in and of itself outside the profit it brings – Bogenschnider p.225) a word which sadly has become synonymous with the concept of a job or a career, inadvertently draining the passion from the promising field of Family studies.
Here in the U.S., politicians and intellectuals are obviously the two basic groups who have to joggle ideas, knowledge and resources to propose, enact, implement and evaluate policies. As I sat back to reflect on the discussions in the text, it seemed quite “simplified”. I couldn’t quite directly reconcile this process with the scenario back home. Why? Then I gasped, but of course! The Third power house is missing.
Any guesses on what that might be?
Answer: Local traditional and/or religious leaders!
Yep, they are that third and crucial foot of the tripod in most parts of Africa, without which policies often come crashing down. This group is widely accorded more trust than the political or intellectual group. They achieve this feat, by shaping opinions and influencing decisions in communities right through to individual families. They live with the people and often make substantial contributions to promote the well-being of families and communities.
A look at the continuous process of promoting school attendance of the girl child in Nigeria, gives us a glimpse of how policies can be facilitated by these leaders. Figures show that more boys than girls are in school. This disparity is brought about particularly, by the low value accorded by some local beliefs to girls’ education and poverty.
National awareness of the prevalence of this problem has led to several political and financial commitments through advocacy and sensitization of policy makers. Programs have been planned and implemented, and while some have failed, others have gone on to record impressive successes. Over and again one key characteristic of succeeding programs has been an involvement of the leading traditional and/or religious leaders in local host communities. When these leaders in their regular interactions with the people use and consistently reinforce key messages, which favorably link proposed policies to the local tradition/religion success is assured. For instance proclaiming that educating all children is a cultural duty and drawing up inferences from the local context, has been shown to make many parents take their children to school, including girls.
On the other hand in situations where local leaders have been indifferent or worse still, spoken against policies/programs, doom has inevitably been the outcome. A quick reference was the recent boycott of the polio immunization campaign in parts of the country in 2003. The immunization campaign was literally brought to a halt by local and religious leaders upon calling on parents not to allow their children get immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccines were contaminated. Responding to the rumors about the vaccine, the federal government set up a committee to access the safety of the vaccines and samples were sent abroad to be tested. The results of the committee were rejected still by these leaders; and even though the truth of the rumor that the vaccines were contaminated were never established all efforts by the federal government to dispel them failed.
After about a year of boycott, the deadlock was finally settled with the local leaders playing the significant role in the process. Shortly after this occurrence, a meeting was hosted by WHO and UNICEF in the West African sub-region. The aim? To inform traditional and religious leaders (in the wake of the recent polio crises) about issues that affect children, to ensure that the right messages were passed down to the people.
In one sentence, the federal government having lost the public trust of one state became handicapped in providing health services. While the local leaders unfortunately disrupted national and global health plans, they believed they were acting to protect the interests of their people.
These experiences serve to illustrate the prevalence of communitarianism in most parts of the continent, where the transmission of information and authority flow downward from community leaders who are the gate keepers and decision makers-a crucial power house which can neither be ignored or excluded from social policy issues.
Here in the U.S., politicians and intellectuals are obviously the two basic groups who have to joggle ideas, knowledge and resources to propose, enact, implement and evaluate policies. As I sat back to reflect on the discussions in the text, it seemed quite “simplified”. I couldn’t quite directly reconcile this process with the scenario back home. Why? Then I gasped, but of course! The Third power house is missing.
Any guesses on what that might be?
Answer: Local traditional and/or religious leaders!
Yep, they are that third and crucial foot of the tripod in most parts of Africa, without which policies often come crashing down. This group is widely accorded more trust than the political or intellectual group. They achieve this feat, by shaping opinions and influencing decisions in communities right through to individual families. They live with the people and often make substantial contributions to promote the well-being of families and communities.
A look at the continuous process of promoting school attendance of the girl child in Nigeria, gives us a glimpse of how policies can be facilitated by these leaders. Figures show that more boys than girls are in school. This disparity is brought about particularly, by the low value accorded by some local beliefs to girls’ education and poverty.
National awareness of the prevalence of this problem has led to several political and financial commitments through advocacy and sensitization of policy makers. Programs have been planned and implemented, and while some have failed, others have gone on to record impressive successes. Over and again one key characteristic of succeeding programs has been an involvement of the leading traditional and/or religious leaders in local host communities. When these leaders in their regular interactions with the people use and consistently reinforce key messages, which favorably link proposed policies to the local tradition/religion success is assured. For instance proclaiming that educating all children is a cultural duty and drawing up inferences from the local context, has been shown to make many parents take their children to school, including girls.
On the other hand in situations where local leaders have been indifferent or worse still, spoken against policies/programs, doom has inevitably been the outcome. A quick reference was the recent boycott of the polio immunization campaign in parts of the country in 2003. The immunization campaign was literally brought to a halt by local and religious leaders upon calling on parents not to allow their children get immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccines were contaminated. Responding to the rumors about the vaccine, the federal government set up a committee to access the safety of the vaccines and samples were sent abroad to be tested. The results of the committee were rejected still by these leaders; and even though the truth of the rumor that the vaccines were contaminated were never established all efforts by the federal government to dispel them failed.
After about a year of boycott, the deadlock was finally settled with the local leaders playing the significant role in the process. Shortly after this occurrence, a meeting was hosted by WHO and UNICEF in the West African sub-region. The aim? To inform traditional and religious leaders (in the wake of the recent polio crises) about issues that affect children, to ensure that the right messages were passed down to the people.
In one sentence, the federal government having lost the public trust of one state became handicapped in providing health services. While the local leaders unfortunately disrupted national and global health plans, they believed they were acting to protect the interests of their people.
These experiences serve to illustrate the prevalence of communitarianism in most parts of the continent, where the transmission of information and authority flow downward from community leaders who are the gate keepers and decision makers-a crucial power house which can neither be ignored or excluded from social policy issues.
Thursday, February 19, 2009
NGOs?
Almost every Nigerian knows what the acronym “NGOs” stands for, young and old, literate and illiterate alike. Why so? Well, besides being as a result of the involvement of NGOs [Non governmental organizations] in community issues since the pre-colonial era to the present day , their popularity is also attributable to their visible presence across the country not just in the urban areas but also in the rural areas, where a vast majority of the population reside.
So what really are NGOs anyway? Well first and clearly these are nongovernmental organizations, i.e. they are not affiliated to the government; and are simply task oriented non-profit, voluntary groups. These organizations perform a number of humanitarian and service functions across the country. They also make citizens concerns known to the government, encourage political participation in the country’s nascent democracy, and advocate and monitor policies.
During my years working with an NGO back home, I was always thrilled by the literal impact programs had on individuals and communities. One case in point was the impressive results we got when we embarked on a rural campaign geared towards convincing parents of children afflicted by polio, to enroll them in a special school program. This program required first, facilitative surgery for the afflicted child to enhance his/her motor movement before enrollment in the school. At first we were met with stiff opposition. Most of the parents refused to trust their children with “strangers” and were skeptical about any kind of surgery.
Eventually, we were gradually able to convince our proposed beneficiaries, and the program was even welcomed by neighboring communities. How did we achieve this feat? Virtually drawing on the strengths of a typical NGO. These included collaborating with the leaders of the host communities; aligning our programs’ operations to the norms and beliefs of the people; and impacting communities from the bottom-up, starting from the family level.
As many NGOs continue to tell their success stories across the nation, they are not spared of limitations. The multi faceted problem of budget constraints remains a constant threat in a number of ways. First, the lack of sufficient and sustainable funds often gets in the way of the execution of ideas, plans or projects, no matter how grand these may be. At some other times when NGOs have sought external funding, this has sometimes led to NGO activities that were tailored to meet the specifications of the funding bodies, with little or no considerations as to whether or not the proposed projects were pertinent to the communities’ needs. The resulting misappropriate programs naturally lead to conflicts between the concerned NGOs and the government. Unpleasant scenarios like these make it indispensable to have dynamic strategies for raising funds, as NGOs strive to keep up with the demands of being nonprofit oriented and relevant at the same time.
Also there is the absence of a comprehensive membership network for all presently existing NGOs. This often results in multiplicity or overlapping of programs. Amidst these constraints though, NGOs have continued to record commendable successes in community development/ enlightenment as well as policy advocacy issues.
In recent years following the advent of the country’s democracy, there has been a proliferation of NGOs across the country. While plans are being made to better regulate the activities of these organizations, I am hopeful that an atmosphere of urgency is adopted, before we hit a record count of between one and two million! - the estimated count of NGOs operative in India
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization).
So what really are NGOs anyway? Well first and clearly these are nongovernmental organizations, i.e. they are not affiliated to the government; and are simply task oriented non-profit, voluntary groups. These organizations perform a number of humanitarian and service functions across the country. They also make citizens concerns known to the government, encourage political participation in the country’s nascent democracy, and advocate and monitor policies.
During my years working with an NGO back home, I was always thrilled by the literal impact programs had on individuals and communities. One case in point was the impressive results we got when we embarked on a rural campaign geared towards convincing parents of children afflicted by polio, to enroll them in a special school program. This program required first, facilitative surgery for the afflicted child to enhance his/her motor movement before enrollment in the school. At first we were met with stiff opposition. Most of the parents refused to trust their children with “strangers” and were skeptical about any kind of surgery.
Eventually, we were gradually able to convince our proposed beneficiaries, and the program was even welcomed by neighboring communities. How did we achieve this feat? Virtually drawing on the strengths of a typical NGO. These included collaborating with the leaders of the host communities; aligning our programs’ operations to the norms and beliefs of the people; and impacting communities from the bottom-up, starting from the family level.
As many NGOs continue to tell their success stories across the nation, they are not spared of limitations. The multi faceted problem of budget constraints remains a constant threat in a number of ways. First, the lack of sufficient and sustainable funds often gets in the way of the execution of ideas, plans or projects, no matter how grand these may be. At some other times when NGOs have sought external funding, this has sometimes led to NGO activities that were tailored to meet the specifications of the funding bodies, with little or no considerations as to whether or not the proposed projects were pertinent to the communities’ needs. The resulting misappropriate programs naturally lead to conflicts between the concerned NGOs and the government. Unpleasant scenarios like these make it indispensable to have dynamic strategies for raising funds, as NGOs strive to keep up with the demands of being nonprofit oriented and relevant at the same time.
Also there is the absence of a comprehensive membership network for all presently existing NGOs. This often results in multiplicity or overlapping of programs. Amidst these constraints though, NGOs have continued to record commendable successes in community development/ enlightenment as well as policy advocacy issues.
In recent years following the advent of the country’s democracy, there has been a proliferation of NGOs across the country. While plans are being made to better regulate the activities of these organizations, I am hopeful that an atmosphere of urgency is adopted, before we hit a record count of between one and two million! - the estimated count of NGOs operative in India
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization).
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
Our tale, not without the NGOs
Legislation affecting children and families in the United States often is passed only reluctantly, and even more often is not passed at all because of a pervasive reluctance among policy makers to “intrude” on family life (Zigler & Hall 2000, p.35).
The excerpt above, reminds me again of government’s exercise of constant caution aimed at avoiding interference with parental rights, here in the U.S. This sequence of government-citizenry interaction, primarily intrigues me .This is because democracy only emerged in Nigeria in 1999, ending decades of consecutive military rule. During these years of dictatorship,sensitivity did not always characterize government -citizenry interractions;and advocacies for social policies were quite uncommon.
Nonetheless, Nigeria is one country where local nongovernment organizations (NGOs) have existed since the pre-colonial era, serving as pressure groups. So with the perception that government wasn’t working in the peoples best interest, these organizations multiplied to deal with the issues of the society in the interim.
Overtime however the Nigerian government, even during the military regime has enjoyed and continues to enjoy the good will of many international donors and partners, particularly in the areas of child well being and maternal health. Key players include The African Development Bank (ADB), World Health Organization (WHO), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Funds received from these agencies support the formulation of policies, plans and child and maternal health program service delivery. Some NGOs and research efforts also receive support from these organizations.
With the advent of our nascent democracy, advocacy for social policies have increased, consequently the present civilian administration has expressed greater commitments to social policy issues including, improving child survival and restoring the Primary Health Care system across the nation - words which give us reasons to anticipate substantial changes across policy issues in the near future.
The excerpt above, reminds me again of government’s exercise of constant caution aimed at avoiding interference with parental rights, here in the U.S. This sequence of government-citizenry interaction, primarily intrigues me .This is because democracy only emerged in Nigeria in 1999, ending decades of consecutive military rule. During these years of dictatorship,sensitivity did not always characterize government -citizenry interractions;and advocacies for social policies were quite uncommon.
Nonetheless, Nigeria is one country where local nongovernment organizations (NGOs) have existed since the pre-colonial era, serving as pressure groups. So with the perception that government wasn’t working in the peoples best interest, these organizations multiplied to deal with the issues of the society in the interim.
Overtime however the Nigerian government, even during the military regime has enjoyed and continues to enjoy the good will of many international donors and partners, particularly in the areas of child well being and maternal health. Key players include The African Development Bank (ADB), World Health Organization (WHO), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Funds received from these agencies support the formulation of policies, plans and child and maternal health program service delivery. Some NGOs and research efforts also receive support from these organizations.
With the advent of our nascent democracy, advocacy for social policies have increased, consequently the present civilian administration has expressed greater commitments to social policy issues including, improving child survival and restoring the Primary Health Care system across the nation - words which give us reasons to anticipate substantial changes across policy issues in the near future.
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
From Japan to Nigeria
Chapter eight of our text book (Family Policy Matters 2nd edition, by Bogenschneider 2006) gives an overview of policies and proposals which are changing the political landscape for families. All of the issues raised are sure to be around with us for a while, and although the government is making efforts to combat the situation, I am particularly concerned about the approaches being used.
Since we are in a recession, the issue of a family’s economic status is “particularly” appropriate for an analysis of the impact of government policies. It is no longer news that many more mothers seek or are financially compelled to work outside the home, and/or pursue education or training. It therefore comes as no surprise that Bogenschneider cites the greatest concern of most parents as – the conflict between work and family. As the working hours of the average American continues to increase overtime, with the longest hours being recorded for families raising children, an obvious question comes to mind. How much time is left for family commitments? Particularly, how much time are parents spending with their children under these circumstances?
Now the American family system is relatively new to me, so I would first like to share with you about the latest culture which I had the opportunity of peeking into. What culture? Japanese! Yes Japanese, I have been in the U.S. for 5 months now and my first roommate for 4 months was Japanese. Her name is Nanako and she is also a new international student. We had a lot of conversations about each others’ cultures, especially since I often helped her with her English essay assignments. One particular conversation we had as we worked on one of her essays titled, The roles of men and women in Japan, was particularly revealing.
As the essay developed, Nanako spoke about the deep-rooted beliefs in Japan, where women are expected to take on the sole responsibility of homemaking. Hence women are not encouraged by society to work outside the home. Furthermore with society frowning at those who “choose” career over family, it is often commonplace to see women resigning from their jobs upon getting married or as childbearing begins. This occurs even though there is an existing Maternity Leave Law.
I found these revelations on the work versus family situation in Japan quite interesting, because there are some similarities present, when compared with the Nigerian situation. For a long time the notion that formally educating a female child in Nigeria was a waste of resources, was wide spread. It was generally believed that she would sooner or later be confined to the domestic affairs of childrearing and homemaking, and there are a substantial amount of people who still hold on to this belief. On the larger scale however, this notion has gradually changed overtime. As a result of government interventions more girls are going to school, and due to economic demands more men are agreeing to letting their wives work outside the home. The outcome? The work and family conflict. How is this conflict managed? To start with under the Nigerian Law, besides the annual paid leave for all employees, a pregnant woman is entitled to a paid maternity leave of at least 6 weeks before the delivery of her child and 6 weeks after the delivery of the child. Beyond this period of the newborn, families usually employ one of three options in managing the work versus family conflict.
Usually the first option is to involve extended family members, like aunts or grandmothers. Here, these individuals live with the family and help with the domestic and child rearing tasks. The second option is to employ live-in or visiting nannies. While the last option usually is to employ the services of day care centers and or after-school programs.
So the problem of working families in Nigeria is not far from the problem of working families in the U.S. The only major difference is the common situation of male-domination in the Nigerian system. It is important to note that even when the mother is working outside the home, she is still first and foremost, expected to perform or sufficiently arrange for “her” domestic tasks to be well carried out, with or without the support of her husband.
Since we are in a recession, the issue of a family’s economic status is “particularly” appropriate for an analysis of the impact of government policies. It is no longer news that many more mothers seek or are financially compelled to work outside the home, and/or pursue education or training. It therefore comes as no surprise that Bogenschneider cites the greatest concern of most parents as – the conflict between work and family. As the working hours of the average American continues to increase overtime, with the longest hours being recorded for families raising children, an obvious question comes to mind. How much time is left for family commitments? Particularly, how much time are parents spending with their children under these circumstances?
Now the American family system is relatively new to me, so I would first like to share with you about the latest culture which I had the opportunity of peeking into. What culture? Japanese! Yes Japanese, I have been in the U.S. for 5 months now and my first roommate for 4 months was Japanese. Her name is Nanako and she is also a new international student. We had a lot of conversations about each others’ cultures, especially since I often helped her with her English essay assignments. One particular conversation we had as we worked on one of her essays titled, The roles of men and women in Japan, was particularly revealing.
As the essay developed, Nanako spoke about the deep-rooted beliefs in Japan, where women are expected to take on the sole responsibility of homemaking. Hence women are not encouraged by society to work outside the home. Furthermore with society frowning at those who “choose” career over family, it is often commonplace to see women resigning from their jobs upon getting married or as childbearing begins. This occurs even though there is an existing Maternity Leave Law.
I found these revelations on the work versus family situation in Japan quite interesting, because there are some similarities present, when compared with the Nigerian situation. For a long time the notion that formally educating a female child in Nigeria was a waste of resources, was wide spread. It was generally believed that she would sooner or later be confined to the domestic affairs of childrearing and homemaking, and there are a substantial amount of people who still hold on to this belief. On the larger scale however, this notion has gradually changed overtime. As a result of government interventions more girls are going to school, and due to economic demands more men are agreeing to letting their wives work outside the home. The outcome? The work and family conflict. How is this conflict managed? To start with under the Nigerian Law, besides the annual paid leave for all employees, a pregnant woman is entitled to a paid maternity leave of at least 6 weeks before the delivery of her child and 6 weeks after the delivery of the child. Beyond this period of the newborn, families usually employ one of three options in managing the work versus family conflict.
Usually the first option is to involve extended family members, like aunts or grandmothers. Here, these individuals live with the family and help with the domestic and child rearing tasks. The second option is to employ live-in or visiting nannies. While the last option usually is to employ the services of day care centers and or after-school programs.
So the problem of working families in Nigeria is not far from the problem of working families in the U.S. The only major difference is the common situation of male-domination in the Nigerian system. It is important to note that even when the mother is working outside the home, she is still first and foremost, expected to perform or sufficiently arrange for “her” domestic tasks to be well carried out, with or without the support of her husband.
Wednesday, January 28, 2009
Did you know...
Did you know that the United States is one of only two countries, which has not approved the Rights of the child?
Just last week we were shocked in class. Why? We had just learnt this fact. The United States along with one other country - Somalia are the only two countries which have not approved the UN Convention on The Rights of The Child. This ‘news’ was initially quite baffling considering that 193 countries have since approved these rights, including every other member of the United Nations. I thought, how come? Really? Why...The reasons we were informed were two fold. One, in the United States children receive the death penalty, and two approving these rights would weaken parent’s rights. These reasons frankly only raised more questions in my head. To what extent are American children protected by the justice system? Would approving the UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child, really weaken parent’s rights? How?
I therefore looked forward to the readings of this week and was glad to have my questions answered. Indeed there are a number of complex issues which have resulted in the delay in reaching a general agreement on what Rights children should have in the United States. However I do not think that these issues are totally peculiar to the United States. There are cases where the Convention has had to be adapted to particular socio-cultural settings. For instance the member states of The African Union (previously known as the Organization of African Unity) believed that the United Nations Conventions on The Rights of the Child did not include important socio-cultural and economic realities particular to Africa. Subsequently taking into account these factors and the virtues of the continent’s cultural heritage and historic background, The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child was adopted in 1990. Presently this charter has been approved by forty-three of the fifty-three countries in the continent. This example further supports Walker’s belief that ‘children’s rights must be considered in context’. Indeed I agree with him in his conviction, that the time has come for the United States to take that first important step, from which other steps will follow – the ratification of the UN Convention.
Thankfully there is hope as President Barack Obama at the Walden University Presidential Youth debate in October 2008, described the United States failure to ratify the UN Convention as ‘embarrassing’ and has promised to review it.
Just last week we were shocked in class. Why? We had just learnt this fact. The United States along with one other country - Somalia are the only two countries which have not approved the UN Convention on The Rights of The Child. This ‘news’ was initially quite baffling considering that 193 countries have since approved these rights, including every other member of the United Nations. I thought, how come? Really? Why...The reasons we were informed were two fold. One, in the United States children receive the death penalty, and two approving these rights would weaken parent’s rights. These reasons frankly only raised more questions in my head. To what extent are American children protected by the justice system? Would approving the UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child, really weaken parent’s rights? How?
I therefore looked forward to the readings of this week and was glad to have my questions answered. Indeed there are a number of complex issues which have resulted in the delay in reaching a general agreement on what Rights children should have in the United States. However I do not think that these issues are totally peculiar to the United States. There are cases where the Convention has had to be adapted to particular socio-cultural settings. For instance the member states of The African Union (previously known as the Organization of African Unity) believed that the United Nations Conventions on The Rights of the Child did not include important socio-cultural and economic realities particular to Africa. Subsequently taking into account these factors and the virtues of the continent’s cultural heritage and historic background, The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child was adopted in 1990. Presently this charter has been approved by forty-three of the fifty-three countries in the continent. This example further supports Walker’s belief that ‘children’s rights must be considered in context’. Indeed I agree with him in his conviction, that the time has come for the United States to take that first important step, from which other steps will follow – the ratification of the UN Convention.
Thankfully there is hope as President Barack Obama at the Walden University Presidential Youth debate in October 2008, described the United States failure to ratify the UN Convention as ‘embarrassing’ and has promised to review it.
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